Admission Essay for Counseling Psychology Program

My nation, Serbia, experienced a time of fear and wars, particularly during the NATO Bombing in 1999. This checking occasion in our history showed me more than what my proper training could. Before this calamity struck, I was a full-time understudy and the University of Pristina studying English Language and Literature. During the high of political changes, the circumstance in Kosovo was at that point tense.Minorities had steady incitements, and disdain had a firm engraving on the individuals. My life was intensely affected, just as my training. I had encountered direct being â€Å"persona non grate† in the your adolescence community.I wished everybody could comprehend what this implied for us all, paying little mind to what our identity was and where we originated from. Being indicted and not reserving the privilege to make the most of our school days was a sharp memory, yet something I live by as a wellspring of my quality. I encountered inclinations and preference, yet I st and firm.I was dealt with seriously, however my fantasies never obscured from my sight. I was genuinely influenced, however I was progressively enlivened to seek after these fantasies, and become an instructor. Opportunity in this nation was underestimated, and our school life overlooked.The war made it important for me to leave Pristina and Kosovo. Stunned and frightened, I returned to a home where flames, bombings and NATO planes attacked my day by day agenda. The shrieking alarms didn't support our circumstance. It appeared that we only trusted that the bomb will drop on our heads and oppose us from minor existence.During all the frenzy, I attempted to stifle my worry by being idealistic for my family and friends.â As a kid, I have been my family's â€Å"corrupter of words†, as I've generally considered myself to be one of Shakespeare’s fools. My mother consistently called attention to my capacity to modify words and it's implications to make an individual â€Å" philosophical† statement.I would frequently include humor when the our lives would appear to be tasteless, different occasions when we feel the frenzy slithering through our bones, and dread totally drawing our countenances. The bombings showed us this.As you watch the planes each day, you'd get the chance to understand that there are things you can do as not to be so focused. Since we were unable to forestall the numerous fiascos in our lives, we can re-outline the dread and agony to something increasingly positive. The thought was to carry on with your life as typically as could reasonably be expected, by encouraging yourself to be visually impaired of a portion of the negative occasions in our lives.It wasn't too awful during those alarming days. There were sure results also, as in parties where the remarkable cleverness and soul in my way of life gave me a decent confidence and hopefulness to make due one days from now. On the off chance that I couldn’t dispose of w orry by changing or disregarding the circumstance, the least I could do was offer social support.My significant enthusiasm for instructing English to individuals of various dialects didn’t waver because of the war. It permitted me to finish my training on schedule, and start my profession as an English instructor. In the homeroom, it is especially significant for me to comprehend the perspective of the understudy, and use silliness and genuine circumstances to get my focuses across.I built up my enthusiasm for exploring about language through my undergrad contemplates. My more prominent intrigue is on how sociocultural variables affect the mindfulness, plan, execution, and evaluation of a second language in a multicultural network, in contrast with those in socially homogeneous communities.ESL classes in Serbia were increasingly British arranged, both in phonetics and culture. As a youthful instructor, I have consistently been available to new educating strategies. I likewise attempted to include curiosities into the educational program. My choice to go through a year in the United States was bolstered by my longing to become familiar with the American culture.I accept this will widen my points of view on social assorted variety and various frameworks of instruction. Besides, this will increase my own and expert turn of events. I can say that life can be truly erratic on the grounds that my one year visit become an existence of experience and conceivable outcomes by examining psychology.You would know whether you are encountering life if the breeze pushes you every which way. My faculties were encircled with vulnerability as I included myself in an alternate culture. I knew how it felt to be a little fish in a major lake. Being a universal understudy from Eastern Europe didn't set me up for the many intriguing things another nation can offer me.The starting information picked up from course readings, and the spots I've made a trip to see, were put to sq uander as I ventured onto obscure region. I felt vulnerable, and needed urgently to return home. I could have been with my family, a cup of cappuccino and the paper inside my grips. Be that as it may, despite the fact that I encountered culture stun, I accept hands-on instruction is as yet the best teacher.Soon subsequent to showing up in another nation, I was gotten between my old qualities from my local culture, and the new estimations of the host culture. I was compelled to adjust so as to endure. Acclimating to another culture, new framework, and new life, was not a simple errand. Be that as it may, my capacity to adjust permitted me to confront any snag. My objectives were constantly set at whatever point I face any test. I never let my confidence falter.I love to feel tested in light of the fact that it makes me work twice as hard. I demonstrated this by acquiring my second college degree (BA in Liberal Arts/Psychology) and graduating with the most elevated honors.â I genera lly attempted to go after the stars.â But the contrary side of the coin is wistfulness. Something that is available when I am working, contemplating, eating, and in any event, when sleeping.Being a global understudy among individual outsiders in the US caused me to acknowledge how much social help and understanding was important to challenge and accomplish scholastically in different nations. By considering the issues understudies have in the US, and by creating various methodologies and arrangements, I trust I can be an incredible instructor in a multicultural world. Just by its idea made me anxious to find out additional, and increment the collection of directing styles and abilities nearby others.During my senior year of school, I led a broad writing survey on â€Å"psychosocial change issues of universal understudies and the requirement for social support†. I refined my exploration aptitudes in information examination utilizing SPSS, just as my capacity to introduce my discoveries in the way of an acknowledged proficient examination paper.I delighted in directing the writing survey the most, moving toward it as a scrounger chase and considering the amount and nature of data found as my prize. This venture, alongside my other undergrad examines, set me up for the rigors of graduate examination and the boundaries of effective exploration. Proficient encounters, examination, and college classes at Menlo College have additionally animated my enthusiasm for brain science and strengthened my conviction that I am appropriate to the field.Although these fluctuated research encounters have furnished me with principal abilities, I despite everything feel the requirement for all the more preparing. All things considered, school was one of the most invigorating periods throughout my life, and I discovered enormous assurance to accomplish my objective of helping other people through the investigation of psychology.Looking from the forthcoming of an understudy gave me more retrospection on my showing calling, which I love so much.â However, life is a charming railroad with numerous stations.â Some of those stations I got off at were acceptable encounters and some terrible. However, over all, it has been an excursion that keeps on.Helping others arrive at their objectives, having an uplifting disposition, and committing both individual and expert development were the qualities I held when I entered Menlo College.â They stay as a fundamental piece of my hard working attitude today.My worldwide understudy understanding, and many exploration ventures, have helped me accomplish a hypothetical establishment for the significant work of helping understudies prevail in school. We should have a comprehension and sympathy for differing understudy populaces. I took in this from the long stretches of instructing experience. Moreover, I am ready to exhibit my qualities and capacities to relate successfully with people from all levels and social b ackgrounds.These encounters have not just shown me important exercises understudy life, yet have likewise fortified my enthusiasm for seeking after my vocation in guiding brain science. Graduate school will empower me to create crucial exploration and guiding aptitudes, and the strong scholastic foundation that I should be an effective instructor and researcher.A ace's program in directing brain science won't just develop and refine my contribution in research, yet additionally outfit me to manage the difficulties of a MS program. The blend of MFT and my guiding degree will empower me to satisfy my vocation desires and energy for helping understudies out of luck. Moreover, I can set myself up in confronting the multifaceted nature of psychotherapy and unusualness when managing intense subject matters of people and their families.I have all the attributes should have been a decent advisor. Without a doubt, my dedication to my instruction will be the best resource of all. Having the o ption to effectively helpâ people later on will be my most prominent compensation for the exertion and speculation I will place myself into

Environment and corporate culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Condition and corporate culture - Essay Example Proactive reasoning and versatile methodology structures is center ideas which can assist associations with executing a culture inside an association to adapt up to the quick moving turns of events. Association confronting a violent situation must have a versatile culture so as to stay up with the changing states of market. It is basic for each association to follow the switching condition and return up with techniques in the event that they wish to get by in the business. There are number of items and administrations accessible in showcase, the person who thinks of imaginative and versatile methodologies can endure the opposition. These days, there are number of counseling offices, which are offering their types of assistance to association. These offices help association in creating suitable procedures and culture of themselves. Some of them incorporate Toffler Associates, Bloom Institute Inc and so on. Toffler Associates have arranged a benchmark measure for organizations with the goal that they can start Adaptive Culture in their association. This basis stress fundamentally on five significant territories. So as to make an association versatile, an association needs to make changes in the accompanying five regions: I. Individuals ii. Procedure iii. Methodology iv. Structure v. Innovation Any association can tap these five regions so as to seek after the Adaptive Culture. The status at which an organization needs to remain all together depict as an Adaptive Cultured association has been plainly referenced in the reports of Toffler Associates. So as to address the worldwide difficulties of 21st century, each organization needs to have some level of adaption. In this paper, organization will be examined which has now gotten extremely unmistakable because of its mechanical development and moment adaption. The name of this organization is â€Å"Apple Inc.† Apple Inc has outperformed practically all the major mechanical situated organization with regards t o adaption and development. A nitty gritty portrayal of the adaption of Apple Inc has been referenced in the resulting segments of this paper. Versatile Culture at Apple Inc Corporate culture characterizes the specific arrangement of standards and qualities shared by individuals and gatherings of each association. Each association characterizes the objectives that are to be accomplished just as the measures of conduct for achieving these objectives. It is the obligation of the administration to characterize and impart these objectives association wide. By taking a case of Apple Inc, it very well may be expressed that in spite of number of changes in the CEO level of the organization, Apple Inc has kept up its corporate culture, which had been presented when the organization was established in 1970s. By taking a gander at the verifiable execution of the organization, it very well may be said that the organization has figured out how to keep a blend of two of the most significant soci eties: I. Inventive Culture ii. Versatile Culture At the start, to certain degree, the way of life of the organization was Individualistic, which implies that it put accentuation on the individual strengthening and imagination of people. Worried to the difficulties and circumstances of 21st century, the top administration of the organization has reconsidered their procedures. In this manner, the underlying insubordinate, crazy and individualistic culture has been changed over into rising, creative and versatile culture. Nonetheless, the guiding principle of the organization have remained

What Is Your Debt-to-Income Ratio

What Is Your Debt-to-Income Ratio What Is Your Debt-to-Income Ratio? What Is Your Debt-to-Income Ratio?If youre applying for a mortgage loan, an auto loan, or even just a regular personal loan, lenders will be looking at your DTI to see whether or not you can afford it.When it comes to the numbers that rule your financial life, you’re probably familiar with the big ones like your credit score: Even if you don’t have good credit, you still know that you should try to keep your score as high as possible.But there’s another important number that you might not be so familiar with: your debt-to-income ratio. And while it’s luckily one of the simpler money metrics out thereâ€"unlike, say, your credit scoreâ€"it can have massively important implications for your financial future.What is the debt-to-income ratio?“Your debt-to-income ratio (known as DTI) is an important financial metric that you really do need to understand, explained CFP Patricia Russell, founder personal finance blog,  FinanceMarvel. And while some financial termsâ€"like “amortiz ation” for instanceâ€"can be slightly opaque, your debt-to-income ration is not one of them.“In simple terms, your DTI ratio is all of your monthly debt payments divided by your gross monthly income (expressed as a percentage), said Russell. This metric or ratio is heavily scrutinized by lenders to assess your ability to service your monthly repayments on the money you have borrowed.”It’s important to emphasize that your DTI doesn’t measure your total debt load to your total yearly income. Instead, as Russell laid out, it measures the amount of money you’re obligated to pay towards that debt every month against your monthly income.“It’s a ratio that affects your ability to access a loan,” said millennial money expert Robert Farrington, founder of TheCollegeInvestor.com (@CollegeInvestin). The basic idea is if you have too much debt relative to your income, lenders might hesitate or refuse to give you the credit you need for a large purchase.”“Your debt-to-incom e ratio (DTI) most often comes up when buying a house,” he continued, “but it is also considered by potential landlords or lessors of cars. By pulling your credit report, someone can calculate your DTI and decide whether to loan, rent, or lease to you.”What kind of debts and income count?According to Farrington, the debt obligations factored into your DTI are those that fall under the category of recurring debt, or debts that you can’t simply cancel at any time.“This includes mortgage, rent, car loans, personal loans, monthly minimum credit card payments, alimony, child support, and, of course, student loans. These are debts that are not going to go away until you’ve fully repaid them,” he said.And which debts do not count towards your DTI?“Despite the fact that you may have contracts with your internet, cable, or phone provider, you can technically pull the plug on these services any time, so they do not count. Nor do other kinds of utilities like electricity and wa ter,” said Farrington.He also went to explain which sources of income count towards the other half of the ratio. In short, it doesn’t just have to money that you earn from a job. “Your income can include not just wages, salary, and tips, but also alimony and child support, Social Security benefits, and pension,” he said. “Pretty much any money you take in on a monthly basis on the books can be considered income.”How can you calculate your DTI?Knowing what a DTI is won’t do you a ton of good if you can’t figure out how to calculate it. Luckily, figuring out your DTI is pretty simple and doesn’t require a financial advisor.“To calculate, one simply takes all debt payments and divides by gross monthly income,” said Robert R. Johnson, Professor of Finance in the  Heider College of Business, Creighton University  (@CreightonBiz). “This includes all debt paymentsâ€"mortgages, student loans, auto loans, credit cards, etc.”To give you an idea of what this process l ooks like, Farrington helpfully provided the following example:  â€œIf you have $1,000 per month in debt obligations and $3,200 per month in income, divide 1,000 by 3,200 and your answer is .3125. Round that to .31, multiply by 100, and you have a 31 percent DTI ratioâ€"Meaning that 31 percent of your income is taken by debt obligations per month.”What is a good debt-to-income ratio?When lenders are looking at your DTI, it’s to help them determine whether or not you can pay back the loan you’re applying forâ€"the same goes for landlords. As such, you want to try and keep your DTI fairly low. But the thresholds for what is an acceptable ratio can change depending on what kind of loan (or lease) you are applying for.When it comes to applying for a mortgage loan, Farrington cites Fannie Mae guidelines that say 50 percent is the acceptable DTI ceiling for prospective homebuyers. But just because 50 percent is the ceiling, doesn’t mean you shouldn’t aim lower. And the data back s that up.“According to the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), the highest ratio a borrower can have and still be eligible for a Qualified Mortgage is 43 percent,” said Johnson. And, a Qualified Mortgage is a category of loans that have certain, more stable features that help make it more likely that the borrower will be able to afford the loan.“According to the CFPB, evidence from studies of mortgage loans suggests that borrowers with a higher debt-to-income ratio are more likely to run into trouble making monthly payments,” he added.”If you’re looking to take out an auto loan, Farrington says that a DTI of 36 percent or below is ideal to get a reasonable deal. Meanwhile, if you’re applying to rent a house or an apartment, he cautioned that DTI will vary, largely by location and property owner.“Many landlords will require that the rent will amount to no more than 33 percent of your income. Some may be more lenient and go up to 45 percent or 50 percent,” he said.If youre looking for a good overall ratio to set as your goal, aim for something just south of 30 percent. “An ideal ratio is generally around 28 percent although as mentioned above lenders will accept a higher ratio depending on other factors including your credit score, your savings levels, other assets you own,” advised Russell.But she also warned that folks shouldn’t necessarily count on a good credit score saving you from a high DTI: “Whilst credit bureaus dont look at your DTI ratio, often a borrower who has a DTI ratio also has a high credit utilization ratio which does count for around 30 percent of your credit score..Johnson agreed with 28 percent figure, while also reiterating that the lower your ratio was, the better off you’ll be.How can you improve your DTI?If you’re looking to take out a big loan and you have a high debt-to-income ratio, it’s probably best to wait. In the meantime, Russell shared three ways that people can tackle their debt and im prove their DTI.“Create a budget to track your spending:  By keeping track of exactly where your money is going, you will often find unnecessary and extravagant daily expenses. This could be something as simple as a daily $5 coffee, which over a year is $1,825 that could go towards paying down your debts.”“Prepared a strategy to pay off your debt:  My two favorite methods are the snowball and avalanche methods. How the snowball method works is that you start by paying off your smallest debt first whilst making the minimum payments on your other loans. Once you have paid off the smallest you then work your way onto the next one etc. With the Avalanche method, you focus on paying off the loan with the highest interest rate first. Whichever method you choose its important to stick with it.”“Dont take on more debt:  In order to get your debts under control, you need to avoid the temptation of taking on more debts. Dont rack up unnecessary credit card debts and avoid major purc hases like a new car on finance. New loans will really hurt your DTI ratio and wont help your credit rating either.”Paying down your debt is important for your financial health. But it might not be wise to throw yourself into debt repayment if it means foregoing other important financial priorities.“Achieving financial security is not a linear process,” said Johnson. By that, I mean that you often have to work on several competing goals at once. For instance, some people are so intent on extinguishing their credit card debtâ€"certainly a worthy goalâ€"that they choose not to participate in a workplace 401k plan.“A 401k plan affords the participant many advantages,” he continued. First, the contributions made reduce your income tax bill by reducing taxable income.  Second, if the employer matches contributionsâ€"essentially you receive an immediate 100 percent return on investment. When one doesn’t participate in an employee matching plan, one is essentially turning down free money.”Your DTI is important, but so is saving for retirement, building an emergency fund, and a whole host of other financial priorities. Take things slow and steady, and you should come out a winner on the other end. And to learn more about how you can build a brighter financial future, check out these other posts and articles from OppLoans:Building Your Financial Life: Budgeting for BeginnersSave More Money with These 40 Expert TipsThe Debt Snowball Method Can Help You Get out of DebtHow to Raise Your Credit Score by 100 PointsDo you have a   personal finance question youd like us to answer? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |  InstagramContributors???????Robert Farrington is a Millennial Money Expert and Founder of TheCollegeInvestor.com (@CollegeInvestin). He focuses on helping people get out of student loan debt to start investing and building wealth early.Robert R. Johnson, PhD, CFA, CAIA is a Professor of Finance in the  Heider College of Bus iness, Creighton University  (@CreightonBiz). He is also Chairman and CEO of Economic Index Associates, home to a new paradigm in Index investing. Dr. Johnson is the co-author of the books Invest With the Fed, Strategic Value Investing, Investment Banking for Dummies, and The Tools and Techniques of Investment Planning.Patricia Russell is a Certified Financial Planner (CFP) and the founder of the personal finance blog,  FinanceMarvel, which provides free financial advice on managing credit, debit and savings. Patricia has more than 10 years experience in helping families and individuals take control of their personal finances and achieve financial independence.

What Is Your Debt-to-Income Ratio

What Is Your Debt-to-Income Ratio What Is Your Debt-to-Income Ratio? What Is Your Debt-to-Income Ratio?If youre applying for a mortgage loan, an auto loan, or even just a regular personal loan, lenders will be looking at your DTI to see whether or not you can afford it.When it comes to the numbers that rule your financial life, you’re probably familiar with the big ones like your credit score: Even if you don’t have good credit, you still know that you should try to keep your score as high as possible.But there’s another important number that you might not be so familiar with: your debt-to-income ratio. And while it’s luckily one of the simpler money metrics out thereâ€"unlike, say, your credit scoreâ€"it can have massively important implications for your financial future.What is the debt-to-income ratio?“Your debt-to-income ratio (known as DTI) is an important financial metric that you really do need to understand, explained CFP Patricia Russell, founder personal finance blog,  FinanceMarvel. And while some financial termsâ€"like “amortiz ation” for instanceâ€"can be slightly opaque, your debt-to-income ration is not one of them.“In simple terms, your DTI ratio is all of your monthly debt payments divided by your gross monthly income (expressed as a percentage), said Russell. This metric or ratio is heavily scrutinized by lenders to assess your ability to service your monthly repayments on the money you have borrowed.”It’s important to emphasize that your DTI doesn’t measure your total debt load to your total yearly income. Instead, as Russell laid out, it measures the amount of money you’re obligated to pay towards that debt every month against your monthly income.“It’s a ratio that affects your ability to access a loan,” said millennial money expert Robert Farrington, founder of TheCollegeInvestor.com (@CollegeInvestin). The basic idea is if you have too much debt relative to your income, lenders might hesitate or refuse to give you the credit you need for a large purchase.”“Your debt-to-incom e ratio (DTI) most often comes up when buying a house,” he continued, “but it is also considered by potential landlords or lessors of cars. By pulling your credit report, someone can calculate your DTI and decide whether to loan, rent, or lease to you.”What kind of debts and income count?According to Farrington, the debt obligations factored into your DTI are those that fall under the category of recurring debt, or debts that you can’t simply cancel at any time.“This includes mortgage, rent, car loans, personal loans, monthly minimum credit card payments, alimony, child support, and, of course, student loans. These are debts that are not going to go away until you’ve fully repaid them,” he said.And which debts do not count towards your DTI?“Despite the fact that you may have contracts with your internet, cable, or phone provider, you can technically pull the plug on these services any time, so they do not count. Nor do other kinds of utilities like electricity and wa ter,” said Farrington.He also went to explain which sources of income count towards the other half of the ratio. In short, it doesn’t just have to money that you earn from a job. “Your income can include not just wages, salary, and tips, but also alimony and child support, Social Security benefits, and pension,” he said. “Pretty much any money you take in on a monthly basis on the books can be considered income.”How can you calculate your DTI?Knowing what a DTI is won’t do you a ton of good if you can’t figure out how to calculate it. Luckily, figuring out your DTI is pretty simple and doesn’t require a financial advisor.“To calculate, one simply takes all debt payments and divides by gross monthly income,” said Robert R. Johnson, Professor of Finance in the  Heider College of Business, Creighton University  (@CreightonBiz). “This includes all debt paymentsâ€"mortgages, student loans, auto loans, credit cards, etc.”To give you an idea of what this process l ooks like, Farrington helpfully provided the following example:  â€œIf you have $1,000 per month in debt obligations and $3,200 per month in income, divide 1,000 by 3,200 and your answer is .3125. Round that to .31, multiply by 100, and you have a 31 percent DTI ratioâ€"Meaning that 31 percent of your income is taken by debt obligations per month.”What is a good debt-to-income ratio?When lenders are looking at your DTI, it’s to help them determine whether or not you can pay back the loan you’re applying forâ€"the same goes for landlords. As such, you want to try and keep your DTI fairly low. But the thresholds for what is an acceptable ratio can change depending on what kind of loan (or lease) you are applying for.When it comes to applying for a mortgage loan, Farrington cites Fannie Mae guidelines that say 50 percent is the acceptable DTI ceiling for prospective homebuyers. But just because 50 percent is the ceiling, doesn’t mean you shouldn’t aim lower. And the data back s that up.“According to the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), the highest ratio a borrower can have and still be eligible for a Qualified Mortgage is 43 percent,” said Johnson. And, a Qualified Mortgage is a category of loans that have certain, more stable features that help make it more likely that the borrower will be able to afford the loan.“According to the CFPB, evidence from studies of mortgage loans suggests that borrowers with a higher debt-to-income ratio are more likely to run into trouble making monthly payments,” he added.”If you’re looking to take out an auto loan, Farrington says that a DTI of 36 percent or below is ideal to get a reasonable deal. Meanwhile, if you’re applying to rent a house or an apartment, he cautioned that DTI will vary, largely by location and property owner.“Many landlords will require that the rent will amount to no more than 33 percent of your income. Some may be more lenient and go up to 45 percent or 50 percent,” he said.If youre looking for a good overall ratio to set as your goal, aim for something just south of 30 percent. “An ideal ratio is generally around 28 percent although as mentioned above lenders will accept a higher ratio depending on other factors including your credit score, your savings levels, other assets you own,” advised Russell.But she also warned that folks shouldn’t necessarily count on a good credit score saving you from a high DTI: “Whilst credit bureaus dont look at your DTI ratio, often a borrower who has a DTI ratio also has a high credit utilization ratio which does count for around 30 percent of your credit score..Johnson agreed with 28 percent figure, while also reiterating that the lower your ratio was, the better off you’ll be.How can you improve your DTI?If you’re looking to take out a big loan and you have a high debt-to-income ratio, it’s probably best to wait. In the meantime, Russell shared three ways that people can tackle their debt and im prove their DTI.“Create a budget to track your spending:  By keeping track of exactly where your money is going, you will often find unnecessary and extravagant daily expenses. This could be something as simple as a daily $5 coffee, which over a year is $1,825 that could go towards paying down your debts.”“Prepared a strategy to pay off your debt:  My two favorite methods are the snowball and avalanche methods. How the snowball method works is that you start by paying off your smallest debt first whilst making the minimum payments on your other loans. Once you have paid off the smallest you then work your way onto the next one etc. With the Avalanche method, you focus on paying off the loan with the highest interest rate first. Whichever method you choose its important to stick with it.”“Dont take on more debt:  In order to get your debts under control, you need to avoid the temptation of taking on more debts. Dont rack up unnecessary credit card debts and avoid major purc hases like a new car on finance. New loans will really hurt your DTI ratio and wont help your credit rating either.”Paying down your debt is important for your financial health. But it might not be wise to throw yourself into debt repayment if it means foregoing other important financial priorities.“Achieving financial security is not a linear process,” said Johnson. By that, I mean that you often have to work on several competing goals at once. For instance, some people are so intent on extinguishing their credit card debtâ€"certainly a worthy goalâ€"that they choose not to participate in a workplace 401k plan.“A 401k plan affords the participant many advantages,” he continued. First, the contributions made reduce your income tax bill by reducing taxable income.  Second, if the employer matches contributionsâ€"essentially you receive an immediate 100 percent return on investment. When one doesn’t participate in an employee matching plan, one is essentially turning down free money.”Your DTI is important, but so is saving for retirement, building an emergency fund, and a whole host of other financial priorities. Take things slow and steady, and you should come out a winner on the other end. And to learn more about how you can build a brighter financial future, check out these other posts and articles from OppLoans:Building Your Financial Life: Budgeting for BeginnersSave More Money with These 40 Expert TipsThe Debt Snowball Method Can Help You Get out of DebtHow to Raise Your Credit Score by 100 PointsDo you have a   personal finance question youd like us to answer? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |  InstagramContributors???????Robert Farrington is a Millennial Money Expert and Founder of TheCollegeInvestor.com (@CollegeInvestin). He focuses on helping people get out of student loan debt to start investing and building wealth early.Robert R. Johnson, PhD, CFA, CAIA is a Professor of Finance in the  Heider College of Bus iness, Creighton University  (@CreightonBiz). He is also Chairman and CEO of Economic Index Associates, home to a new paradigm in Index investing. Dr. Johnson is the co-author of the books Invest With the Fed, Strategic Value Investing, Investment Banking for Dummies, and The Tools and Techniques of Investment Planning.Patricia Russell is a Certified Financial Planner (CFP) and the founder of the personal finance blog,  FinanceMarvel, which provides free financial advice on managing credit, debit and savings. Patricia has more than 10 years experience in helping families and individuals take control of their personal finances and achieve financial independence.

Mauryan Empire Free Essays

SYLLABUS OF FIRST PAPER OF TET Paper II (for classes VI to VIII) Elementary Stage: 30 Questions I. Child Development and Pedagogy 15 Questions a) Child Development (Elementary School Child) †¢ Concept of development and its relationship with learning †¢ Principles of the development of children †¢ Influence of Heredity Environment †¢ Socialization processes: Social world children (Teacher, Parents, Peers) †¢ Piaget, Kohlberg and Vygotsky: constructs and critical perspectives †¢ Concepts of child-centered and progressive education †¢ Critical perspective of the construct of Intelligence Multi Dimensional Intelligence †¢ Language Thought †¢ Gender as a social construct; gender roles, gender-bias and educational practice †¢ Individual differences among learners, understanding differences based on diversity of language, caste, gender, community, religion etc. †¢ Distinction between Assessment for learning and assessment of learnin g; SchoolBased Assessment, Continuous Comprehensive Evaluation: perspective and practice †¢ Formulating appropriate questions for assessing readiness levels of learners; for enhancing learning and critical thinking in the classroom and or assessing learner achievement. We will write a custom essay sample on Mauryan Empire or any similar topic only for you Order Now b) Concept of Inclusive education and understanding children with special needs 5 Questions †¢ Addressing learners from diverse backgrounds including disadvantaged and deprived †¢ Addressing the needs of children with learning difficulties, ‘impairment’ etc †¢ Addressing the Talented, Creative, Specially abled Learners c) Learning and Pedagogy 10 Questions †¢ How children think and learn; how and why children ‘fail’ to achieve success in school performance †¢ Basic processes of teaching and learning; children’s strategies of learning; learning as social activity; social context of learning. †¢ Child as a problem solver and a ‘scientific investigator’ Alternative conceptions of learning in children; understanding children’s ‘errors’ as significant steps in the learning process. †¢ Cognition Emotions †¢ Motivation and learning †¢ Factors contributing to learning personal en vironmental II. Language I. 30 Questions a) Language Comprehension 15 Questions Reading unseen passages- two passages one prose or drama and one poem with questions on comprehension, inference, grammar and verbal ability (Prose passage may e literary, scientific, narrative or discursive) b) Pedagogy of Language Development 15 Questions †¢ Learning and acquisition †¢ Principles of language Teaching †¢ Role of listening and speaking; function of language and how children use it as a tool †¢ Critical perspective on the role of grammar in learning a language for communicating ideas verbally and in written form; †¢ Challenges of teaching language in a diverse classroom; language difficulties, errors and disorders †¢ Language Skills †¢ Evaluating language comprehension and proficiency: speaking, listening, reading and writing Teaching-learning materials: Textbook, multi-media materials, multilingual resource of the classroom †¢ Remedial Teaching III . Language- II 30 Questions a)Comprehension 15 Questions Two unseen prose passages (discursive or literary or narrative or scientific) with questions on comprehension, grammar and verbal ability b) Pedagogy of Language Development 15 Questions †¢ Learning and acquisition †¢ Principles of language Teaching †¢ Role of listening and speaking; function of language and how children use it as a tool †¢ Critical perspective on the role of grammar in learning a language for communicating deas verbally and in written form; †¢ Challenges of teaching language in a diverse classroom; language difficulties, errors and disorders †¢ Language Skills †¢ Evaluating language comprehension and proficiency: speaking, listening, reading and writing †¢ Teaching-learning materials: Textbook, multi-media materials, multilingual resource of the classroom †¢ Remedial Teaching ____________________________________________________________ _____ SECTION 2 Section-I CHI LD DEVELPOMENT AND PEDAGOGY 1. Raja, a student of your class, is very tense due to the acne on his face. What will u do? (1) Ignore him. 2) Tell him that it is normal and is due to hormonal changes. (3) Tell him to go to a doctor as it is a medical problem. (4) Scold and tell him not to waste time on these issues. 2. A student wants to share his personal problems and asks for permission to call on u at your residence. What should be your response? (1) Avoid giving time. (2) Give an appointment readily. (3) Tell him that u do not encourage students to visit at the residence. (4) Ignore the child. 3. If you come to know that a child of your class is facing problems related to parents’ separation at home, what would you do? 1) Do not talk to the child on this issue. (2) Treat her/him sympathetically. (3) Talk to the parents. (4) Be indifferent to the child. 4. If you come to know that the father of a student has been tested HIV positive, what will you do? (1) Disclose the inform ation to the class. (2) Make the child sit separately. (3) Ask the parents to withdraw the child. (4) Let him continue with the studies like others. 5. Kavya a student of your class, is visually challenged and you have a function coming up. What will you do? (1) Give her the part of a narrator. 2) Ask her to stay at home during the function. (3) Discourage her from participating. (4) Give her a less important duty. 6. Manjusha is very interested in sports and wants to pursue her career in sports. What will you suggest to her? (1) Girls have no future in sports. (2) She should put in hard work to achieve her ambition. (3) Ask her to be focused only in academics. (4) Girls cannot excel in sports as they are not physically strong. 7. Twelve year old Radhika has begun to imitate the style of talking of her teacher. This form of behavior is known as- (1) compensation (2) transference (3) sublimation (4) egocentrism 8. For conducting a social science class in an interesting way, teachers should- (1) give notes (2) give written homework (3) use role-plays effectively (4) encourage extra reading 9. A 11-12 year old child generally faces more problems related to- (1) eye hand coordination (2) anxiety about studies. (3) need for peer approval (4) understanding mathematics. 10. Which of the following is most essential for learning? (1) Good parent child relationship (2) High intelligence (3) Good school (4) Desire to learn 11. Which of the following is not good for quality learning? (1) Making notes (3) Extra reading (3) Using guide books (4) Self Study 12. Which of the following may damage a low achieving student psychologically? (1) Making children maintain record of the class test marks. (2) Discussing the marks of individual students in the class. (3) Discussing the correct answers in the class. 4) Making children correct their own notebooks. 13. When most of the students in a class do not understand a concept clearly, the teacher should- (1) repeat the lesson once again. (2) conduct hands on activities on that concept. (3) Ask students to take help from parents. (4) ignore and move to the next concept. 14. To correct the stammering problem of a class VIII student, a teacher should (1) ignore the child. (2) provide more opportunities for speaking. (3) c heck the child whenever she/he stammers. (4) seek professional help. 15. Which of the following statements about the role of a teacher is correct? 1) Teacher should be a critic only. (2) Teacher should favour good students. (3) Teacher should have a friendly attitude towards students. (4) Teacher should maintain a distance from students. 16. For ensuring and improving class discipline, the teacher should- (1) arrange regular parent- teacher meetings. (2) Call authorities to the class. (3) be strict with students and punish them. (4) evaluate the methods and approaches used in the class. 17. To address the diversity in academic achievement, an effective teaching method can be – (1) dictating notes (2) cooperative teaching. 3) lecturing (4)giving tests. 18. In which stage of cognitive development is a child, when she/he is able to work out problems logically and can do multiple classification? (1) Pre operational stage (2) Formal operational stage (3) Concrete operation stage ( 4) Sensori-motor stage 19. Gaurav of class VII gave a letter to his classmate Seema saying that he loves her. What should the teacher do? (1) Ignore the issue (2) Punish Gaurav (3) Counsel Gaurav appropriately (4) Let the Principal handle the issue 20. Children from the under privileged sections of the society can benefit more if they are (1) provided with training for self employment (2) exempted from homework and class tests. (3) provided with richer learning environment in school. (4) given simpler learning tasks. 21. Students in classes VII-VIII face problems mostly related to (1) identity crisis. (2) emotional sensitivity. (3) low interest in academic. (4) hyperactivity. 22. The term comprehensive evaluation implies- (1) evaluation conducted at several points of time. (2) evaluation by a group of teachers. (3) Several tests for long hours. 4) evaluation of scholastic and Co-scholastic aspects of pupil growth. 23. Talking to children of classes VI to VIII about â€Å"Growing up† is – (1) not required (2) essential. (3) counterproductive (4) detrimental 24. Which of the following statements about teaching is true? (1) Teaching is a prerequisite of learning. (2) Teaching facilitates learning. (3) Teaching restricts initiative of learners. (4) Teaching is necessary for good learning. 25. Sandhya and Mamta of class VII are bright students but are extremely jealous of each other. How will you, as a teacher, handle them? 1) Not bother as they will outgrow it. (2) Talk to them discreetly about healthy competition. (3) Discuss this with the whole class. (4) Convey your disapproval to them. 26. In a class, a student asks the teacher a question and the answer is not known to the teacher. As a teacher you should- (1) scold the child for asking such questions. (2) ignore the child and continue teaching. (3) tell the child that you will look for the answer. (4) feel ashamed that you did not known the answer. 27. A student who had misbehaved with the teacher in class VI, comes to the same teacher in class VIII. S/He avoids interacting with the teacher due to his/ her behavior. The teacher should (1) ignore the child. (2) remind the child of her/his past behaviour. (3) reassure her/him in a personal discussion. (4) call the parents and report the incidence. 28. Raju, a student of your class, is being teased by his classmates for his dark complexion. What do you need to do as a teacher? (1) Ignore this issue (2) Reprimand the class. (3) Tell Raju not to pay attention. (4) Talk to the class about individual differences. 29. Salim is very good in music but is not able to do well in Mathematics. As a teacher of Mathematics, how will you handle Salim? (1) Tell him that Music does not have a future. (2) Tell him to leave Music and study Maths. (3) Call his parents and talk to them. (4) Tell him that he can do well and explain the concepts to him. 30. While teaching if you realize that what you have taught is not correct, you should- (1) leave the topic unfinished and shift to another. (2) Tell the students that it was a mistake and correct it. (3) divert the attention of the students. (4) Scold students to finish the remaining tasks. How to cite Mauryan Empire, Papers

Expatriates In Effective Global Management -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Expatriates In Effective Global Management? Answer: Introducation The essay discusses the various theories and concepts associated with human behaviour in organization. The concepts of organizational behaviour revolve round the employees of any organization and the managers are directly provided with the benefits by utilizing these theories in their organization. Proper study of organizational behaviour guides the management or leaders to judge, feel, plan and make decisions according to their organizational settings. For the Managers as well as the employees this knowledge will help to predict, control and lead all the organizational events. This paper compares and contrasts various components which include core topics like importance of motivation, interpersonal communication among the employees and their superiors, group structure, their processes, attitude and perception development, change processes, work design, learning and work stress (Shapiro et al., 2016). This paper analyses theories of organizational behaviour from different perspective s. The theories of Intelligence analyse the persons ability to develop knowledge that need to be applied to certain tasks. In most of the cases, the knowledge is confused with intelligence but intelligence is ability to acquire knowledge and skills as well as remembering suitable information to do similar kind of job. According to the theorists, emotion is more important than rational intelligence or technical skills. In contrast to this, the Emotional Intelligence Theory aims to discuss the individuals ability to identify, understand, integrate and reflectively manage own and others feelings. There are two traits of emotional intelligence are positivists and Constructivist (Terera Ngirande, 2014). The managers in organizations need to understand their employees and know the best method to motivate them. As opposed by Vaiman, Haslberger and Vance (2015), One General Intelligence Theory is known a structural model in which the theorists believe that all intelligence originates from one general factor. In this theory the individuals measure every aspect of life from a particular perspective. It is a high affirmative correlation between the cognitive abilities and intelligence that reflect in learning any process and apply them in the organizational skills. On the other hand Cyrenne (2018) opines that Theories of Multiple Intelligences completely contrast one general intelligence theory . Another set of theorists like Gardner and Sternberg opposes this previous one. According to them, there are almost seven factors that affect the intelligence which help the employees in an organization to increase analytical, creative and practical intelligence. More the employees possess intelligence more that contribute in growth of their organizations. The employees of the organizations have mixture of different personalities, characteristics, beliefs as well as qualities based on which they contribute in the organizations which give rises to the Theories of Personality (Tillman, 2013). In the Personality Types A and B the theorists pursue that there are two extreme personality trait or behaviour syndromes that allow to judge different stress levels that control the peoples personalities. Type A personalities are found to be competitive, enduring of more work pressure, and attached to their tasks. These people work long hours and accomplish larger amount of tasks within tight deadline (Cyrenne, 2018). Type B are just opposite to type A. these people are more relaxed with their tasks and confident with completing any difficult tasks within deadline. They do not rush and cope with stress well therefore turn decisions around. Unlike type A they are less strive for perfection. The theorists like Vaiman, Haslberger and Vance (2015) argues that the personality has great importance in Predicting Job Performance. The leaders or manager of any organization can predict the actions of their employees based on their personality traits. They find abilities like conscientiousness, emotional stability, extraversion and agreeableness in their inferiors so that it become easily to run the operations. Beside these, 16 Personality Factors of Catell reveal that there are some contradictory personal factors which drive the personality of people greatly. Eysenks Dimensions of Personality discusses two dimensions such as extroverts and introverts. The extroverts are active, sociable, expressive and outward. The introverts on the other hand are reserved, quiet and passive. The leaders of the organizations realise and control or motivate the employees according to their personalities. The theories of Motivation capture the importance of motivation in an organization where the managers influence the employees based on their intensity, persistence of efforts to attain a goal (Westphal Zajac, 2013). Motivation combines various methods to produce needs, job design and satisfaction. There are numerous theories of motivation which have been developed in organizational behaviour literature. The Common-sense Theory differentiates the employees according to their common sense based on which the leaders motivate them. Theory X identifies people who are not so trust worthy, irrational, lazy whom the leaders motivate through money and threaten by punishments (Henry et al., 2015). Without proper control, these people follow their own goals which are contrary to that of the organization. Theory Y identifies people seeking independence, reliable therefore self-developed. These employees are more creative and capable of looking beyond the immediate circumstances. They adapt new components easily and strive for good of their organization. According to Expectancy Theory of Porter and Lawler, the individual motivation depends on the prediction of the outcome (Peltokorpi, Allen Froese, 2015). This theory focuses on chief three points valence, expectancy and instrumentality. These factors are closely related to one another. The researchers have identified different almost nine factors that affect the work motivation. These are Perceived value of rewards, Effort, Expectation of getting rewarded through performance, Individual abilities or traits, Role observations, Intrinsic rewards, Extrinsic rewards, Apparent equity of rewards, Work satisfaction. Fundamental Attribution Error on the other hand focuses on the reasons of some incidents occurred by people and identifies their next steps based on their personality often overlooking the external factors like social and contextual impacts. This is why various problems occur in the organization such as learning, communication, perception and motivation problems. There are cont extual factors like social, political and technological problems (Gerhards Mutz, 2017). In addition to this, there are competition, group formation, stricture and processing problems within the organization which affect the organizational behaviour greatly and directly control the operations. In contrast to this the Goal-setting theory established four chief proposition based on which the employees as well as the leaders set goals according to the needs of the organizations. It helps to explain the work behaviour, strive to try to meet all the objectives. The four factors are creating challenging goals, creating particular goals, participation objectives, predict the consequences of objectives. Goal setting theory help to enhance the equality of tasks, performance therefore results According to Gilley et al. (2015) in Herzbergs Two Factor Theory came up with the idea that would looks into the factors causing job satisfaction as well as job dissatisfaction. These factors that usually influence the employees to make a job satisfying are called the Motivator Factors and the factors that make the job dissatisfying are called Hygiene Factors. People feel motivated when they gain power, achieve authority and affiliation. These help them to gain more necessary skills that are needed in an organization. Theories of Attitudes and Behaviour is one of the most important aspect in the organizational behaviour (Shapiro et al., 2016). Attitude is a style of thinking and feeling something in a particular state of mind and accounting is a way that regulate the actions of an individual. Both these factors vary from person to person and changes with time and situation. Behaviour Modification theory discusses the methods through which people change their attitude and behaviour by newly found knowledge or learnings as well as technical support. These used by the employees to act in different ways. Scientists like Luthans and Kreitner found out that peoples behaviour alters and gets modified through five steps like identification, measurement, establishment, development and evaluation. The chief aspect of the Reinforcement theory is that peoples behaviour changes and repeats when gets reinforcements but continues to be same when reinforcement factor is absent (Bezrukova et al., 2016). This theory revolves round the positive and negative reinforcements where the behaviour changes with consequences. The Single and Double Loop Learning theory focuses on the learning process of the employees in the organization. In singe loop learning, people use feedback for making continuous adjustments or adaptations for maintain performance (Asrar-ul-Haq Kuchinke, 2016). On the contrary the double loop learning focuses on the challenging and redefining the assumptions so that the performance can be improved. Despite the fact that the time consumed by the single one is much shorter that the double one, but the idea is to improve quality where double loop process is more valued by the organizations. Social Cognitive theory opposes loop learning theory and points out that people lear n from others and then replicate them in their own behaviour. The employees learn from their superiors and colleagues and gain experience. This method is usually focussed on the listening and viewing behaviour rather than learning from own experience. Therefore, it can be concluded that the people of an organization are the chief components that must be cared for. These are the employees who are responsible for the growth of the organizations as well as their deterioration. This is the reason why the organizational behaviour is so very important to study for the authorities. By utilising these theories, they motivate their employees to contribute best for the organizations. References: Asrar-ul-Haq, M., Kuchinke, K. P. (2016). Impact of leadership styles on employees attitude towards their leader and performance: Empirical evidence from Pakistani banks.Future Business Journal,2(1), 54-64. Bezrukova, K., Spell, C. S., Caldwell, D., Burger, J. M. (2016). A multilevel perspective on faultlines: Differentiating the effects between group-and organizational-level faultlines.Journal of Applied Psychology,101(1), 86. Cyrenne, P. (2018). Salary Inequality, Team Success, League Policies, And The Superstar Effect.Contemporary Economic Policy,36(1), 200-214. Gerhards, J., Mutz, M. (2017). Who wins the championship? Market value and team composition as predictors of success in the top European football leagues.European Societies,19(3), 223-242. Gilley, A., Waddell, K., Hall, A., Jackson, S. A., Gilley, J. W. (2015). Manager behavior, generation, and influence on work-life balance: An empirical investigation.Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship,20(1), 3. Henry, C., Foss, L., Fayolle, A., Walker, E., Duffy, S. (2015). Entrepreneurial leadership and gender: Exploring theory and practice in global contexts.Journal of Small Business Management,53(3), 581-586. Peltokorpi, V., Allen, D. G., Froese, F. (2015). Organizational embeddedness, turnover intentions, and voluntary turnover: The moderating effects of employee demographic characteristics and value operations.Journal of Organizational Behavior,36(2), 292-312. Shapiro, D. L., Hom, P., Shen, W., Agarwal, R. (2016). How do leader departures affect subordinates organizational attachment? A 360-degree relational perspective.Academy of Management Review,41(3), 479-502. Terera, S. R., Ngirande, H. (2014). The impact of rewards on job satisfaction and employee retention.Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences,5(1), 481. Tillman, A. (2013). Improving Worker Satisfaction Yields Improved Worker?Retention Rates.Employment Relations Today,39(4), 27-31. Vaiman, V., Haslberger, A., Vance, C. M. (2015). Recognizing the important role of self-initiated expatriates in effective global talent management.Human Resource Management Review,25(3), 280-286. Westphal, J. D., Zajac, E. J. (2013). A behavioral theory of corporate governance: Explicating the mechanisms of socially situated and socially constituted agency.Academy of Management Annals,7(1), 607-661.

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Give A Brief Definition Of Nursing Research And Evidenced-based

Give A Brief Definition Of Nursing Research And Evidenced-based Give A Brief Definition Of Nursing Research And Evidenced Nursing Research and Evidence Based Research Nursing Research and Evidence Based Research Evidence based research in nursing involves the use of already available evidence to establish the knowledge on a certain issue. It is mainly applied to link the past with the present which is crucial in addressing the issues arising in any health set up. This can include getting the data in a certain hospital and check for the prevalence of a certain disease and how it has been possible or impossible to handle it with the available resources. Nursing research involves going to the field and collecting data which is then processed before coming to a certain conclusion. For instance in addressing the prevalence of a disease like pneumonia in a locality one can go to various hospitals and homesteads getting the information from the parents and doctors and then using the information one can be come up with a conclusion that can be used to better the way a certain problem is being addressed. It also involves visiting the literature in that field to see has been done already and show the relevance of your research (Health Leaders Media, n.d). The two approaches have a similarity in that they are both aimed at improving the way the problems in the nursing set up are addressed. This could be a certain disease or the challenges the nurses are facing while executing their duties. Another similarity is that both rely on the already present information to set a strong argument or a foundation of the research (Health Leaders Media, n.d). This involves a look on the literature available and the information present in hospitals to come up with a factual argument. They also borrow a lot from each other and they are usually used as one. The major difference lies in the way each of them addresses the problem as lies in their definition. ReferenceHealth Leaders Media. (n.d). Evidence Based Practice and Nursing Research: Avoid Confusion. Available at.

Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 4

Human Resource Management - Essay Example This gave rise to a dispute during which Mr Nikolich alleged that he was intimidated and threatened by his supervisor, which caused him stress. Furthermore, the Company’s HR Manager took a long period of four months to investigate the complaint and determined that the reallocation was quite appropriate and that the supervisor’s conduct had not been intimidating or threatening and had also stepped down from his managerial role. There was no further action taken on Mr. Nikolich’s complaint, as a result of which he developed a depressive disorder and was terminated from his work. The basis of Mr. Nikolich’s complaint of mistreatment by his supervisor and the mishandling of his complaint was the terms of his letter of offer of employment and policy guidelines of the Company, entitled Working With Us. This guideline contained several provisions on workplace health, safety, harassment and grievance redressal procedures which Mr. Nikolich alleged had been breached in his case as a result of which the employers were guilty of a breach of contract. At the lower Court, the findings were in favor of the Plaintiff, Mr. Nikolich and the Court held that sections of the Working With Us policy guidelines were equivalent to explicit promises which were part and parcel of Mr. Nikolich’s employment contract.. On this basis, the Court held that the failure of the HR management to take immediate action to resolve the conflict between Mr. Nikolich and his supervisor was a breach of contract. When the case was appealed however, the appellate judges make a distinction between contractual and aspirational terms. They held that the policies outlined in the Working With us document on the issues of harassment and grievance redressal were not in the nature of contractual terms. On the contrary, they were aspirational in nature, i.e, the language contained in tees provisions was descriptive and informative, intended to be encouraging rather than iron clad promises.

Child Care in Colleges are Essential Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Child Care in Colleges are Essential - Essay Example That these women are in school should not be a hindrance to their desires. Universities and other colleges could support their student-parents through a number of ways. One is funding. These could be through opening college-based day care centers on site in campuses. These should be operating during convenient hours to ensure all student-parents manage to go to class without worrying about their children. Some universities and colleges receive grants to help run day care centers for student parents within their colleges. This is a move in a positive direction in a bid to increase the number of students who continue with their studies after giving birth while still pursuing their degree courses. Life is difficult enough for student parents, hence the importance of affordable and flexible day care programs to help alleviate their problems. Furthermore, to put the minds of these parents at ease, these day- care programs should be accredited by relevant bodies to ensure that the children are not only safe, but also well taken care of. The curriculum for such programs should also be at par with state and national standards, to ensure that the children are being taken care of the same way other children in non-campus day care centers are. Funding is an important aspect in ensuring success of day care programs in colleges and universities. Funding can come in form of grants from government agencies for children or education through lobbying by the universities and colleges administrations (U.S. Department of Education 1-2). Funding can also come directly from the university or college administration itself. Funding is imperative in the running of day care centers for student parents in colleges since most of these do not have steady or well paying jobs that could afford them more expensive day care programs. The funding cold go towards building or renovating unused campus buildings to convert them into day care centers, materials and labor required to do this, furnish ing the day care centers and paying the people who will be involved in the day to day running of the day care centers. The student parents could be asked to chip in a little money, though not too much, in order to ensure they partake in the running and maintenance of the day care centers, and that it is not free. Given the fact that most student parents face more challenges and responsibilities than students who are not parents, the former are most likely to perform dismally in their studies (Price 3-6). Furthermore, the stress that comes with raising a child, studying and probably working part time may take a toll on these parents, especially if they are single parents. With this kind of background, student parents are likely to drop out of school to take care of their children. This has an adverse effect of the economic and social well being of the parent and child. Second to funding is flexibility of the day care programs. It is pointless to start day care centers in colleges and universities that operate between times that interfere with the student parents’ academics (Anderson and Dektar 6-8). Day care centers that are closed too early or open too late means that parents have to skip classes while they wait for the day care cent

Traditional Budgeting in Modern Business

Traditional Budgeting in Modern Business The essay below is an attempt to analyse the issue of Traditional budgeting and discusses the fact that how now-a-days formal, traditional budgeting does not prove quite apt for modern businesses. To begin with, the essay will give a brief explanation of what is a budget and what is budgeting. This will be followed by a short note on modern budgeting and there will be a concise induction on traditional budgeting. Furthermore, the essay will throw light on the strengths and weaknesses of traditional budgeting; following which it will explain and evaluate the alternatives to traditional budgeting in modern businesses. A budget is a business plan for the short term-typically one year(Atrill McLaney,2007) . It is mainly expressed in financial terms and it is designed to meet strategic purposes. Budgeting plays a vital role in business success as it helps in the organizations operational planning, performance evaluation, communication of goals, strategy formation, and controlling cost which helps the organization to achieve its overall objective. But it seems it is unsuitable for the modern business.The term modern business stands for a business which operates in a global economy and practises all modern techniques to survive in a highly competitive environment. In todays era of information technology, it is impossible for a business to compete globally without continuous innovation, updated information and controlled activity. In management accounting, budgeting is quite a vast and important concept. There are different kinds of budgeting. The essay will now focus on Traditional budgeting and its working in modern businesses. What is traditional budgeting? Budget is a part of strategic planning process. It lays down business objectives, targets and decides activities required to achieve these objectives. Traditional budgeting is based on previous year data, decisions, uncertain estimates and forecast (Drury,2009).Traditional budgeting is basically one year planning which lays down targets for the business and at the end of the year these targets are compared with actual results and deviations, if any, are reported to the budgeting team which uses them as an important source of information for current year budgeting. Traditional budgeting creates boundaries for the business operations and sets targets for its employees, which motivates employees to work hard and earn rewards for their achievement. Importance of Traditional Budgeting: Kennedy and Dugdale (1999) in his study on budgeting found out that 99% of all companies in Europe still using formal budgeting system. Budgeting provides a direction which can be used as a framework for planning and controlling the overall activity of the business. Budgeting is often used as an important tool for controlling cost and expenditure of the business, which is very essential for an organization to survive in a competitive world. It is also used as a tool to maintain liquidity position of the firm by matching business revenue against expenditure, which gives an actual position and requirement of cash at a definite time period. Kennedy and Dugdale (2009) in his study also points out that it is the multiple function of budgeting which makes it an important tool for management. Budgeting provides a system of authorization, a means of forecasting and planning, it also provides a channel of communication and coordination through which the actions of different parts of an organi zation can be brought together and reconciled into a common plan. Kennedys study also states that budgeting serves as a tool of motivation, a system of evaluation and control, which acts as a useful source of information for decision- making. Limitations of Traditional budgeting: Budgeting is always being criticized for its high cost and the longer time it takes for its preparation. These two limitations are always a point of consideration for modern business organizations, which require a long working of financial managers and which incurs heavy charges on the company. In addition to this, budgeting is criticized in many other aspects as well. Dugdale and Lyne (2006) in his study on budgeting points out that budgeting being an important tool for an organization has many limitations like, it meets only the lowest targets, it uses more resources than required, it competes against other divisions, business units and departments, also it spends only what is in the budget, provides inaccurate forecasts, has motives only to meet the budget but not to beat it and finally it also avoids risk element. Bourne et al. (2002) conducted a survey on limitations of traditional budgeting in which he criticizes traditional budgeting on a number of issues. From the survey resu lt, he pointed out the following criticisms against budgeting ; its time consuming, costly, restricts flexibility in operation, its very often focused on target and often misaligned with strategy, it focuses more on cost rather than value creation, it often encourages gaming between superiors and subordinates, it is hardly updated and is based on unrealistic assumptions and guesswork which make it unsuitable for modern business. Traditional budgeting and modern business: Budgets have long had a bad press, but they have attracted even more flak recently for being at best inappropriate to modern business practice and at worst potentially harmful (Marginson and Ogden,2005). Hope (2000), in his study on traditional budgeting, points out four important reasons of incapability of traditional budgeting in modern business. he pointed out that in modern business, innovation is more essential rather than incremental, focuses more on faster learning rather than faster working, customer focus is on product satisfaction rather than increasing sale and knowledge- sharing and use of talent given more importance, rather than physical or financial capital. Modern business requires innovation along with cost saving in order to be competitive enough to fight with its rival company. Marginson and Ogden (2005) in his study on budgeting and innovation argues how firms are balancing the need to control costs on the one hand with the pursuit of innovation on the other. That is, modern business is an era of global business and competition which requires continuous innovation and huge spending on R D for its survival. And if modern business follows the budgeting tool it will restrict the business from spending a huge amount on innovation and this becomes a major criticism of budgeting. Hopes Fraser, 1999a, cited in Ekholm and Wallin (2000) added that traditional budgeting is incapable of meeting the demand of the competitive environment in the information age. This means, traditional budgeting is a useful accounting model with its focus on command and control but it lacks in providing useful updated information like market changes, change in taste and preference, change in technology, etc. which makes traditional budgeting unsuitable for modern business. Traditional budgeting is a time consuming process and therefore fails in reflecting changes fails in the companys organization process. As a result it produces inadequate variance reports leaving the how and when question unanswered. That is, it ignores shareholders value and focuses more on short term financial numbers. It follows a risk avoiding culture and therefore faces a false sense of security as a yearly, rigid process and as being a toy of the accounting department.( Hopes Fraser, 1999a, cited in Ekholm and Wallin, 2000). Ekholm and wallin (2000) in his study about budget found out that traditional budget seems to be a burden, and therefore must be removed from financial reports, before improving financial performance. Dugdale and Lyne (2006) say that if companies want to meet the modern business challenges then they must dismantle their rigid command and control structure, which means scrapping their budget and should adopt a policy of radical decentralization and implement appropriate key performance indicators, scorecards and rolling forecast. Alternatives to budgeting: Traditional budgeting is described as a Bane of Corporate America and a tool of repression, by modern businesses which look for alternatives. Rolling forecasts produced on a monthly or quarterly basis, are suggested to be the main alternative to the annual budget (Arterion 1998, Hope and Fraser 1990-20 cited in Ekholm and Wallin, 2000). Limitations of traditional budgeting give rise to many beyond budgeting techniques. Fanning (2000), in his article titled evolution or Revolution, explained beyond budgeting as a technique that restrict gaming, focuses on other business performance in addition to financial performance and uses insightful forecasts that accurately predict companys performance for a shorter period of time like, rolling forecast. In addition there are some better budgeting techniques like, zero based budgeting, activity based budgeting, process based budgeting and performance based budgeting. Rolling forecast serves as a best alternative to traditional budgeting, as stated earlier. In this the budget is prepared for a short period of time which ranges from a month to a year. The main advantage of this method i s that it encourages the manager of a company to look ahead and review their plans on a regular basis. Zero based budgeting is also emerged as a good alternative to incremental budgets. Unlike traditional budgeting zero based budgeting justifies and prioritizes all the activities before allocating amount of resources to them. In addition it focuses on activities instead of functional department which is a feature of traditional budgeting (Drury, 2008). Activity based budgeting authorize the supply of only those resources that are needed to perform activities required to meet the budget production and sales volume. This overcome traditional budgeting limitation which works on incremental basis to predict year expenses on the basis of last year expenses. Traditional budget systems focus on expenditures. Performance Based Budgeting focuses on final result by fixing desired performances goal to each department. The purpose of Performance-Based Budgeting is to provide a sound basis, upon which resource allocation decisions can be done; to communicate the measurable results expected to be achieved from a budget allocation; and to build a connection between budget and program performance results for the same operational unit over same period of measurement. Importance of budgeting in modern business: Dugdale and Hanseen ( two writers ) from their study on find out that in budgeting; operational planning, performance evaluation, communication of goals and strategy formation are the important functions which help it in being alive in modern business. Ekholm and Wallin (2000) from a questionnaire survey on budgeting stated that traditional budgeting is needed in modern business as it is an important tool for maintaining internal effectiveness which is needed to maintain long term equilibrium position of the company. He also finds out that modern business still requires traditional budgeting because its targets cant be set for the people. This means that, no control and no performance evaluation can be done. Hanseen and Van der Stede (2004) from his study on Multiple facets of budgeting finds out that there are different reasons to budgeting like market related performance (sales growth, market share) and internal operation related performance (cost effectiveness, quality), which see ms to be important reason for its wide use in modern business as it will help company to achieve competitive advantage over its rival. Dugdale and Lyne (2006) as a conclusion of case study point out that budget is an important tool to set resources limit for function such as service and RD, which will help business to make efficient use of their limited resources that will lead to success for a company in this competitive world. Conclusion: After a detailed study about budgeting it can be concluded here that, budgeting is an important tool for any business organization which helps the organization in operational planning, performance evaluation, communication of goal, strategy formulation and fixing targets which serve as a basis for organizational working and control. Inspite of its importance in organization, its become a matter of great concern to change or abandon traditional budgeting from modern business. It is because of some budgeting limitations which make it somehow rigid to be used in flexible and compatible modern business. It can be seen that traditional budgeting lacks in providing updated information, flexible operations, restricts huge expenditure on innovation and in addition to this, it is time consuming and a costly method, which binds a company to a 12 month agreement with budgeting expenditure and income list which restrict flexibility of modern business. On the other hand, budgeting helps modern bu sinesses in setting their targets for the year and cost controlling measures which play a vital role in the competitive market. So, seeing budgeting limitations and benefits to modern business, many economists and business managers suggest that traditional budgeting is an important tool which cannot be fully removed from an organization but some changes or beyond budgeting techniques like rolling forecast budgeting, zero based budgeting, activity based budgeting, process based budgeting and performance based budgeting, help in solving business organization problem. Refrences Atrill, P and McLaney, E.(2008). Accounting And Finance For Non- Specialists. England: FT Prentice Hall. Bourne M, Neely A and Heyns H (2002) Lore Reform, Financial Management,January,p.23. Drury, C. (2009). Management Accounting For Business.UK: South- Western. Dugdale, D. and Lyne, s.(2006)Are budgets still needed?, Financial Management, November,pp 32-35. Ekholm B and Wallin J(2000), Is the annual budget really dead? The European Accounting Review,volume 9,number 4,pages 519-539. Fanning J (2000) Evolution or Revolution?,Accountancy, October. Hansen, S.C. and Van der Stede, W.A. (2004), Multiple facets of budgeting: an exploratory analysis, Management Accounting Research vol. 15, pp 415-439. Hope T (2000), Conflict Resolution, Accountancy, November. Kennedy A and Dugdale D (1999), Getting the most from budgeting, Management Accounting, February. Maginson, D. and Orden, S. (2005)Budgeting and Innovation, Financial Management, April, pp 29-31.

The Americans with Disabilities Act is Only the First Step Essay

The Americans with Disabilities Act is Only the First Step The United States of America is founded upon the groundwork that "all men are created equal." America is also viewed as the "land of opportunity," as large numbers of immigrants enter the country in order to make a better life for themselves. These catch phrases used above are an honorable attempt to portray America as a land where everything is fair and everyone possesses a chance to succeed. These slogans, which we so easily state, do not tell the full story, however. Racism and prejudice abound in "the land of the free" and can be witnessed on an almost daily basis. The government endeavors to remedy the inequalities through programs such as the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), which is a noble attempt to present all people with a more equal playing field. This program, and others like it, are effective, but it is not the final solution that people often think it is. There is much to be done to gain equality, especially regarding the physically disabled in the work force. Th e ADA is a foundation upon which a greater sense of equality should be created. The Americans With Disabilities Act was passed in 1990. The ADA strives to guarantee disabled individuals protection from discrimination. Marjorie Baldwin defines a main principle of the ADA when she states, "One of the main objectives of the ADA is to improve the employment prospects of persons with disabilities by eliminating employer discrimination" (Baldwin 39). Under the ADA, a disabled person is one who is limited in one or more life activities by a physical or mental impairment. Through five titles of the act, disabled people are defended from being denied access to a job if they can meet the demands... ...m the government, and the disabled can then succeed and erase the stigmas of society, then true equality can be obtained. This government support is not simply protection from injustice, but a chance to compete equally with the rest of society. Works Cited Baldwin, Marjorie L. "Can the ADA Achieve Its Employment Goals?" Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 25. 4 (1981): 39-62. Â   Charlton, James I. "Nothing About Us Without Us: Disability Oppression and Empowerment." Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1998. Â   Harlan, Sharon L. "The Social Construction of Disability in Organization." Work and Occupations 25.4 (1998): 420-425. Â   Kregel, John. "Why It Pays To Hire Workers with Developmental Disability." Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities 14.3 (1998): 132-135. Nation’s Health. 30.8 (Sept. 2000): 8-13.

AIDS and Children

HIV/AIDS is relatively a new disease, and was first recognized in the year 1980, following an outbreak of the opportunistic infection Pneumocystis carnii pneumonia in a group of New York homosexuals.   The incidences of Kaposi’s sarcoma (a malignancy of the blood vessels) were also observed to occur more than 50 times in young homosexuals.Gradually, it was observed that the condition was an infectious disease, and tended to spread wherever infected blood/semen was involved including blood transfusion, intravenous drug usage and unprotected sexual activity (whether homosexual or heterosexual).The condition was gradually observed to affect the immune system, causing a huge number of opportunistic infections and malignancies.   By the year 1982, AIDS was also observed in several children belonging to New York, San Francisco, Miami and New Jersey.The condition was relatively unknown before the 1980’s and following this, it became one of the most common and deadly infect ious diseases.   Although, HIV/AIDS began in a developed nation which could handle the ill-effects of the disease, it slowly began to spread to developing and poor nations, and the effect on such individuals is even more devastating (Mandell, 2005 & Borkowsky, 2004).HIV/AIDS has not only been a problem in the reproductive age group, but has also caused serious problems in the pediatric age groups.   In the US, more than 9300 children (as on December 2002) have been affected with the disease.   The number of cases of individuals affected with the disease is still on the rise.There may be several differences in the opportunistic infections, malignancies and symptoms that occur in children and adults.   In children, HIV/AIDS can either spread through vertical transmission (from infected mother to child) and from other means (including child sexual abuse, IV drug abuse, infected blood transfusion, etc).If we look at vertical transmission of HIV/AIDS, the disease can be transmitt ed by three different methods, which occur at three different times: – prenatally it is transmitted across the placenta from the infected maternal blood, during delivery it may be transmitted from contaminated material secretions and after delivery it may occur due to consumption of contaminated breast milk.Some of the factors that play an important role in the transmission of HIV/AIDS from infected mother to child include the severity of the infection of the mother, the material viral load, trauma to the child during delivery, the mode and the duration of breastfeeding.Children below the age of 13 years can develop lymphoid interstitial pneumonia, pulmonary lymphoid hyperplasia and recurrent bacterial infections.   The risk of a serious drop in the CD T4 lymphocytes below 200 is less in children compared to adults.   In children with HIV/AIDS, the CD T4 cell count can play a major role in determining the prognosis of the disease.Children usually have a rise in the number of lymphocytes.   This may be observed in normal children and infants.   If the CD4 count in children affected with HIV/AIDS drops down, it can suggest a serious impairment.   Children suffering from HIV/AIDS may also develop a serious form of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) and can develop serious respiratory problems.This condition may also be fatal if proper preventive measures and treatment are not followed (CDC, 1996, Mandell, 2005 & Borkowsky, 2004).Another problem that can be frequently observed in children who develop HIV/AIDS from infected mothers (vertical transmission) is the chances of co-infection with other STD’s including hepatitis B, hepatitis C, etc.   These conditions are transmitted in a similar manner (mainly IV drug usage, unprotected sex, blood transfusion, vertical transmission, etc).Often when a person is infected with HCV, the infection takes a long time to develop and progress (about 20 years).   However, in co infection with HIV, the re may be an acceleration of both the conditions often leading to severe disease in the infant or childhood stage of life.When the mother is co-infected with HIV/AIDS and hepatitis C infection, the chances of the child getting infected with HIV is much higher than if the mother is infected with HIV alone.   In cases of infection with HIV, the infection spread in 16 % of the cases, whereas in co-infection cases, it spread 26 % of the total number of cases (England, 2006).The Problem1. Incidences of HIV/AIDS in childrenThe exact incidences of HIV/AIDS in children may be far more than anticipated.   On December 31, 2002, more than 9300 children were reported to suffer from AIDS.   A majority of these cases are due to infection from the infected mother.In a study conducted in 1997 in the US, more than 91 % of the cases were due to infection from the mother to the child, 2 % were due to transfusion of infected blood and 8 % developed the condition due to an undetermined risk.   1 of the children who was a part of the study had a clotting disorder.Most of the children who were infected with HIV/AIDS had parents who were using IV drugs.   In most cases, the mother practiced unprotected sex.   There is a lot of racial differences in the rates of HIV/AIDS.   Individuals belonging to minority and weaker sections of the population are at a higher risk of acquiring the infection compared to the mainstream population.There is a tendency that children across the various racial groups would have the same incidence rates of HIV/AIDS as their mothers.   In a study conducted, it was found that 63 % of the children affected with HIV/AIDS were African-Americans and 26% were Hispanics.   18 % belonged to the White groups and 1 % was from the other racial groups.Out of every 100, 000 children in the US who developed HIV/AIDS, 6.4 % were Blacks, 2.3 % were Hispanics, 0.4 % were Whites and 0.7 % were other racial groups.   In most HIV affected children, the diseas e is diagnosed at the age of 18 months.In most children affected with HIV (about 80 % of all cases), AIDS develops by the age of 5 years.   Most cases of HIV/AIDS was recorded in New York (1900 cases), followed by Florida (1200 cases), New Jersey, California and Texas.   Between the years 1984 to 1992, there was a rise in the incidence of HIV/AIDS due to the ignorance of the disease from various populations including Blacks and homosexual groups.In the year 1992, the number of HIV/AIDS cases were as high as 905, which declined to 663 in 1995 (a drop in about 27%) mostly attributed to greater awareness and education.   However, across varies ethnic and racial groups, greater amount improvements occurred in the Whites (39 % drop), followed by Black (26 % drop) and Hispanic (25 % drops).Another reason for this drop had been the sudden discovery of the effect of Zidovudine (an antiretroviral drug) in helping to reduce the vertical transmission of HIV/AIDS from infected mother to c hild.   In 1994, a series of clinical trials effectively demonstrated that the disease vertical transmission could be reduced by about 65 % if Zidovudine was given early during the pregnancy of the infected woman.Hence, recommendations were raised for mandatory testing, counseling and ARV therapy for pregnant women.   Following more active implementation of this program following 1995, the number of HIV/AIDS cases due to vertical transmission dropped to 92 in 2002.   This was a significant drop, cutting the incidence rates by 10 times within a span of ten years (Mandell, 2005, Yogev, 2004, CDC, 1996, CDC, 2008).

Tobacco And Its Effects On Society - 956 Words

â€Å"Tobacco is an agricultural crop, most commonly used to make cigarettes. It is grown all over the world and supports a billion-dollar industry.† Tobacco is one of the huge issues that include people in our society. Many people are using sources that will bring up tobacco. Even though TVs, radios or cigarettes packs have warnings on them, people still continue to do it. The government should take more actions to this problem; actions that will make people want to realize the cause that is given to them. Tobacco may not seem to be dangerous but it has causes to humans. People may feel good when they smoke, do shisha or other tobacco related sources that include the same chemicals, but they do not realize the risks that tobacco brings. Therefore, tobacco use should be decreased. Tobacco will ruin the person’s inner system and will have serious conditions to the body. â€Å"According to ASH, Action on Smoking and Health, 100 million people died from tobacco-related diseases in the 20th century. Without action taken, 1 billion people could die this century from tobacco-related diseases.† Tobacco gives so many harms to human organs that will take them forward to death. People do not realize or care about how much diseases they get until they found it out. They should check their health and do something before it is too late or else they will be one of the 1 billion. 100 million is not a small number, it is actually a serious number that people should be worry about. They shouldShow MoreRelatedTobacco And Its Effect On Society831 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Tobacco or cigarette is a classical issue in the world. There is no exact evidence that states when did the smoking behaviour actually was started. 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